喜金刚唐卡大图

肃火斤

附件01.

Tibet

1400 - 1499

Sakya Lineage

Ground Mineral Pigment, Fine Gold Line on Cotton

Collection of Rubin Museum of Art

Shri Hevajra Panchadaka Mandala (Tibetan: pal gye pa dor je rig du kyil kor. English: The Combined Glorious Hevajra Five Lords Mandala) with 49 Deities from the Vajrapanjara Tantra. Bibliographic reference: Arya Dakinivajrapanjara Mahatantrarajakalpa Nama

Sanskrit: Hevajra Tibetan: Gye pa dor je

Within the center of the two-dimensional circular diagram (mandala) representing the top view of a three-dimensional celestial palace and surroundings are five smaller square mandalas each containing a form of Shri Hevajra with 9 deities. In the central square is Akshobhya-Hevajra, blue in colour, with eight faces, sixteen hands holding skullcups and four legs in a dancing posture. The first pair of hands embrace the consort Vajra Nairatmya (Selfless One), dark blue, with one face and two hands holding a curved knife and skullcup, standing on the left leg with the right embracing Hevajra. They stand atop four corpses within the flames of pristine awareness surrounded by eight goddesses of various colours, each with one face and two hands, standing in a dancing posture on the left leg above a corpse and lotus seat. Beginning from the top and moving in a clockwise direction is Vetali, Dombini, Ghashmari, Pukkashi, Gauri, Shavari, Chauri, and Chandali. They all hold their own distinct hand objects.

Surrounding the Akshobhya Hevajra mandala, in the square above, is the deity Amitabha-Hevajra, red in colour, embracing the consort red Pandara Vasini. In the square to the right is Amoghasiddhi-Hevajra, green in colour, embracing light green Samaya Tara. In the square below is Vairochana-Hevajra, white in colour, embracing pink Vajradhatvishvari. In the square to the left is Ratnasambhava-Hevajra, yellow in colour, embracing orange Buddha Locani. Surrounded by their own unique circle of variously coloured eight goddesses each set of figures is otherwise identical in appearance to the central Hevajra.

The floor of the celestial palace is divided into four colours: red, green, white and yellow. Four empowerment vases adorn the four squares of the intermediate directions. The outer red, blue and white lines forming a square enclosure represent the red veranda outside of the palace walls and the stylized decorative facade on the four sides of the palace roof; adorned with upright spears, arrows and banners. The elaborate lintels above each of the four doors ('T' shaped) are constructed of four tiered steps, red, blue, green, and yellow, topped with a Dharma wheel and two reclining deer with a silk canopy above. The palace is placed squarely on a horizontal multi-coloured double vajra (Sanskrit: visvavajra) with only the prongs and makara heads (an Indian mythological sea creature) appearing on the four sides. Surrounding that is a circle of multi-coloured (rectangular) lotus petals (Skt.: padmavali) representing the enormous lotus upon which the entire palace structure rests.

The outer circle containing eight sets of various figures is the ring of the eight great charnel grounds: Gruesome, Frightful with Skulls, Adorned with a Blazing Garland, Dense Jungle, Fiercely Resounding, Forest of the Lord, Dark and Terrible and Resounding with the Cries Kili Kili. They are filled with corpses, fires, chaityas, yogis, nagas, wild animals and wrathful worldly deities. The final ring is composed of the multi-coloured fires (Skt.: jvalavali) of pristine awareness completely enveloping the entire Hevajra Pancadaka Mandala

Along the top are the lineage gurus. Starting from the left is the primordial buddha Vajradhara, followed by Nairatmya, Virupa, and Dombi Heruka riding a tiger along with various Indian mahasiddhas and Tibetan lamas down to Sachen Kunga Nyingpo and his descendants.

On the outside of the mandala circle starting at the left is solitary Hevajra, blue, with one face and two hands, accompanied by two wrathful figures. On the right is Hevajra, blue, with one face and four hands embracing the consort blue Vajravarahi, accompanied by two wrathful figures. At the bottom right is Hevajra, blue, with three faces and six hands embracing blue Vajrashrinkhala, accompanied by two wrathful figures. At the bottom left is the Essence Shri Hevajra, blue, with eight faces and sixteen hands embracing Vajra Nairatmya, accompanied by two wrathful figures.

Along the bottom starting at the left are 9 goddesses of various colours with one face and two hands, standing in a dancing posture. At the right is yellow Ushnisha Chakravartin, wrathful with one face and two hands, followed by blue Humkara and blue Shumbharaja. At the right corner is the wrathful wisdom protector Panjarnata Mahakala, black, with one face and two hands and Shri Devi, black, with one face and four hands, riding a mule.

Shri Hevajra Panchadaka is a tutelary deity of the Anuttarayoga non-dual classification. From the many Hevajra Tantras this representation arises from the Vajra Panjara Tantra and was popularized in India by the pandit Abhayakaragupta and in Tibet by the Sakyapa and Ngog Lotsawa Lineages.

Lineage: Vajradhara, Nairatmya, Virupa, Acharya Dombi Heruka, Alala Vajra, Nag Tropa, Garbharipa, Jaya Shrjnana, Acharya Durjayachandra, Bikshu Viravajra, Drogmi Lotsawa, Ngaripa Salwai Nyingpo, Khon Gyichuwa Drala Bar, Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092-1158), etc.

The style of the painting is Nepali, evidenced by rigid geometric form, the use of bright red and blue colours and the intricate floral patterns used in the background design and flame patterns.

肃火斤

附件02.

Shri Hevajra Nine Deity Mandala (Tibetan: pal gye pa dor je'i lha gu'i kyil khor) according to the system of Dombi Heruka from the Hevajra Tantra. Bibliographic reference: Hevajra Tantraraja Nama

Sanskrit: Hevajra Tibetan: Gye pa dor je

Within the center of the two dimensional circular diagram (mandala) representing the top view of a three dimensional celestial palace and surroundings is the deity Shri Hevajra, blue in colour, with eight faces, sixteen hands holding skullcups and four legs in a dancing posture. The first pair of hands embrace the consort Vajra Nairatmya (Selfless One), dark blue, with one face and two hands holding a curved knife and skullcup, standing on the left leg with the right embracing Hevajra. They are both adorned with bone ornaments and stand atop four corpses above a pink lotus within the flames of pristine awareness.

Surrounding the central figures are eight goddesses in various colours, each with one face and two hands, standing in a dancing posture on the left leg above a corpse and lotus seat. Beginning from the top and moving in a clockwise direction they are yellow Vetali, multi-coloured Dombini, green Ghasmari, blue Pukkasi, black Gauri, white Shavari, red Cauri, and purple Candali. They are all adorned with bone ornaments and a necklace of fifty skulls and each holds their own distinct hand objects.

The floor of the celestial palace is divided into four colours ornately patterned with floral designs: red, blue, white and yellow. On the red veranda outside of the palace walls, on each side of the four doors ('T' shaped), are two dancing offering goddesses white in colour, sixteen in total. The outer blue and white lines forming a square enclosure represent the stylized decorative facade on the four sides of the palace roof, adorned with upright spears, arrows and banners. The elaborate lintels above each of the four doors are constructed of four tiered steps topped with a Dharma wheel and two reclining deer with a silk canopy above.

The palace is placed squarely on a horizontal multi-coloured double vajra (Sanskrit: visvavajra) with only the prongs and makara heads (an Indian mythological sea creature) appearing on the four sides. The outer circle containing small figures on a background landscape is the ring of the eight great charnel grounds filled with corpses, fires, caityas, yogis, nagas, and wrathful worldly deities. Surrounding that is a circle of multi-coloured (rectangular) lotus petals representing the enormous lotus upon which the entire palace and charnel ground structure rests. The final ring is composed of the multi-coloured fires of pristine awareness completely enveloping the entire Hevajra Mandala.

In the upper left corner is the Mahasiddha Dombi Heruka (9th century), holding a snake in the right hand, embracing the consort with the left and riding a tigress. To the right is Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092-1158), wearing the attire of a layman, performing the mudra (gesture) of generosity with the right hand and holding the stem of a white lotus to the heart, blossoming at the ear.

At the bottom left is the special guardian of the Hevajra Tantra, Panjarnata Mahakala, black, with one face and two hands holding a curved knife and skullcup, standing above a corpse and lotus seat surrounded by flame. At the right is Mahakali Shri Devi, light blue and emaciated, with one face and four hands holding a sword and skullcup in the right and a trident and spear in the left, riding a light brown donkey standing in an ocean of blood.

Shri Hevajra is a tutelary deity of the Anuttarayoga non-dual classification. From the many Hevajra Tantras, and forms of the deity, this representation of Hevajra arises from the root Hevajra Tantra of 'two sections' and was popularized by the Indian mahasiddha (the one of great accomplishment) Dombi Heruka.

Lineage: Vajradhara, Nairatmya, Virupa, Acarya Dombi Heruka, Alala Vajra, Nag Tropa, Garbharipa, Jaya Shrjnana, Acarya Durjayacandra, Bikshu Viravajra, Drogmi Lotsawa, Ngaripa Salwa'i Nyingpo, Khon Gyichuwa Drala Bar, Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092-1158), etc.

The style of the painting is Nepali, evidenced by the use of bright red and blue colours and the intricate circular floral patterns used in the background.

Tibet

1500 - 1599

Sakya and Ngor (Sakya) Lineages

41.91x34.93cm (16.50x13.75in)

Ground Mineral Pigment on Cotton

Collection of Rubin Museum of Art

肃火斤

附件03.

Shri Hevajra with Nine-deities (Tibetan: pal gye pa dor je lha gu) the tutelary deity of Marpa the Translator, founder of the Kagyu School.

Semi-wrathful, dark blue in colour with eight faces, sixteen hands and four legs, at each side of the main face are three further faces with the eighth situated centrally above. Brown hair flows upward like flame from each of the heads. Skullcups are held in sixteen hands. The eight on the right hold various animals looking inward and the eight on the left hold the eight worldly gods gazing outward. The first pair of arms folded at the heart embrace the consort. Adorned with a crown of five skulls, bone ornaments and a necklace of fifty freshly severed heads he has the appearance of being slightly wrathful and slightly peaceful. The consort Vajra Nairatmya, blue in colour, has one face and two hands. In the upraised right she holds a curved knife. Adorned with a tiara of five skulls, a necklace of fifty skulls and white bone ornaments, she is supported by the left leg with the right embracing Hevajra. Standing on two legs with the two remaining drawn up in a dancing stance atop the forms of four Hindu gods, a sun disc and multi-coloured lotus seat, Hevajra and consort are completely surrounded by the flames of pristine awareness.

Encircling Hevajra are the 8 goddesses of the retinue. At the upper right and left are blue Candali and yellow Vetali. At the lower middle are red Cauri and blue Dombini. At the lower left are white Shavari and blue-black Gauri. At the lower right are blue Pukkasi and green Ghasmari. They each have one face and two hands holding various objects, adorned with bone ornaments, a necklace of fifty skulls and stand above a corpse, sun disc and lotus seat.

At the top center is Marpa the Translator, with both hands extended over the knees performing the 'earth witness' mudra (gesture); attired in the garments of a layman. At the left is the famous Tibetan yogi Milarepa with the right hand cupped to the ear and the left holding a skullcup in the lap; wearing a white cotton robe and red meditation belt, seated in a relaxed posture. At the right is the lama Gampopa with the hands folded in the lap in the mudra of meditation; wearing the robes of a monk and a red cap.

At the bottom center is the wrathful protector Shri Devi Mahakali (Tib.: pal den lha mo), dark blue in colour with one face and four hands. In the first right and left hands are a skullcup and trident and in the second pair an upraised sword in the right hand and a lance extended outward with the left. She rides atop a brown mule surrounded by purple-grey smoke.

According to the Kagyu system of tantra classification Shri Hevajra belongs to the 'Wisdom-mother' Anuttarayoga tantra. From the various forms of Hevajra this figure is known as the 'Essence Hevajra' as taught in the root Tantra of 'Two Sections.'

Distant Indian Lineage: Vajradhara, Jnana Dakini, Bodhivajra Garbha, Arya Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Candrakirti, Matangipa, Tailo Prajnabhadra, Naro Jnana Siddhi, Marpa Lotsawa Chokyi Lodro, etc.

Eastern Tibet

1800 - 1899

Kagyu and Buddhist Lineages

58.42x41.28cm (23x16.25in)

Ground Mineral Pigment, Fine Gold Line on Cotton

Palpung / Situ Painting School

Collection of Rubin Museum of Art

肃火斤

附件04.

Tibet

1800 - 1899

Buddhist Lineage

Ground Mineral Pigment on Cotton

Collection of Tibet House Museum, New Delhi

肃火斤

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Central Tibet

1500 - 1599

Sakya, Ngor (Sakya) and Buddhist Lineages

52.07x43.82cm (20.50x17.25in)

Ground Mineral Pigment on Cotton

Collection of Rubin Museum of Art

肃火斤

附件07.

Tibet

1800 - 1899

Sakya and Buddhist Lineages



Collection of Shechen Archives - photographs

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肃火斤

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肃火斤

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Central Tibet

1400 - 1499

Sakya Lineage

63x56cm (24.80x22.05in)

Ground Mineral Pigment on Cotton

Collection of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Shri Hevajra Nine Deity Mandala (Tibetan: pal gye pa dor je lha gu'i khyil kor). This painting is dated by inscription to 1461 (Nepal Samvat 581). (See a quick reference chart for understanding the visual and geometric elements of the Hevajra Mandala).

Within the center of the two dimensional circular diagram (mandala) representing the top view of a three dimensional celestial palace and surroundings is the deity Shri Hevajra, dark blue in colour, with eight faces and sixteen hands holding skullcups, standing with four legs in a dancing posture. The first pair of hands embrace the consort Vajra Nairatmya (Selfless One), blue, with one face and two hands holding a curved knife and skullcup, standing on the left leg with the right embracing Hevajra. They are both adorned with bone ornaments and stand atop four corpses within the flames of pristine awareness.

Surrounding the two central figures are eight goddesses of various colours, each with one face and two hands, standing in a dancing posture on the left leg above a corpse seat. Beginning at the top and placed in a clockwise direction is yellow Vetali, multi-coloured Dombini, green Ghasmari, blue Pukkasi, black Gauri, white Shavari, red Chauri, and purple Chandali. They are adorned with various ornaments and each hold their own distinct hand objects.

The floor of the celestial palace is divided into four colours ornately patterned with floral designs: red, blue, white and yellow. On the red veranda outside of the palace walls (barely discernible), on each side of the four doors ('T' shaped), are two dancing offering goddesses, sixteen in total. The outer red and white lines forming a square enclosure represent the stylized decorative facade on the four sides of the palace roof; adorned with upright spears, arrows and banners. The elaborate lintels above each of the four doors are constructed of tiered steps topped with a Dharma wheel, two reclining deer, and gold spires with a silk canopy above.

Surrounding the palace is a circle of multi-coloured (rectangular) petals representing the enormous lotus upon which the entire palace structure rests. The outer circle, divided into eight sections, containing small figures and objects is the ring of the eight great charnel grounds filled with corpses, fires, chaityas (stupas), yogis, nagas, and wrathful worldly deities.

Eight Great Charnel Grounds: according to Tantric literature and the descriptions of wrathful deities and their environments, the eight charnel grounds surround the central palace and deity. There are several different sets of eight names and descriptions for the eight great charnel grounds depending on the Buddhist and Hindu Tantric literature consulted. These charnel grounds also have physical locations in India such as the Laughing charnel ground at Bodhgaya and the Cool Grove charnel ground close by, along with the Frightening charnel ground in the Black Hills of Bihar.

From the Hevajra Tantra literature: "In the east is the Gruesome charnel ground (chandograkatasi); south Frightful with Skulls (bhairavakapalika); west Adorned with a Blazing Garland (jvalamalalankara); north Dense Jungle (girigahvaronnati); north-east Fiercely Resounding (ugropanyasa); south-east Forest of the Lord (ishvaravana); south-west Dark and Terrible (bhairavandhakara); north-west Resounding with the Cries Kili Kili (Kilikilaghoshanadita). Furthermore, there are headless corpses, hanging corpses, lying corpses, stake-impaled corpses, heads, skeletons, jackals, crows, owls, vultures, and zombies making the sound, "phaim". There are also siddha with clear understanding, yaksha, raksha, preta, flesh eaters, lunatics, bhairava, daka, dakini, ponds, fires, stupa, and sadhaka. All of these fill the charnel grounds." (Konchog Lhundrub 1497-1557, written in 1551).

The final ring is composed of the multi-coloured fires of pristine awareness completely enveloping the entire Hevajra Mandala.

Along the top are the lineage gurus for this particular mandala of Shri Hevajra. Starting from the middle and alternating to each side are the primordial buddha Vajradhara, Nairatmya, Virupa, Krishnapa, Damarupa, Avadhutipa, Gayadhara, Drogmi Lotsawa (992-1072), Seton Kunrig (1025-1113), Shangton Chobar (1053-1136), Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092-1158), Sonam Tsemo (1142-1182) and Dragpa Gyaltsen (1147-1216).

On the outside of the mandala circle starting at the upper left is yellow Ratnasambhava-Hevajra. On the right is red Amitabha-Hevajra. At the Bottom left is white Vairochana-Hevajra and on the right green Amoghasiddhi-Hevajra. Each of these is in the same general appearance as the central deity.

Shri Hevajra is a meditational deity of the Anuttarayoga Non-dual classification. From the many Hevajra Tantras and forms of the deity, this representation of Hevajra arises from the root Hevajra Tantra of 'two sections' and was popularized by the Indian mahasiddha (the one of great accomplishment) Virupa. The style of the painting is from Ngor Monastery in south western Tibet evidenced by the strong use of red colours and the intricate circular floral patterns used for the background and flame designs.

Mapping a Mandala: Reading a mandala is often very difficult without insider knowledge and the benefit of the explanatory literature. Painted mandala compositions are generally read from the center out and then all of the figures immediately outside of the mandala circle, followed by the top register, and then finishing with the bottom register. The important sections of the MFA Hevajra painting have been divided into colours; blue for the essential deities, red for the Eight Great Charnal Grounds, yellow for the lineage teachers and green for the miscellaneous deities added by the donor or artist.

Blue - Deities:
1. Hevajra & Nairatmya
--- [The Eight Goddesses] ---
2. East - Gauri (black)
3. South - Chauri (red)
4. West - Vetali (yellow)
5. North - Ghashmari (green)
6. North-east - Pukkashi (blue)
7. South-east - Shavari (white)
8. South-west - Chandali (purple)
9. North-west - Dombini (multi-coloured)
--- [The Five Hevajras of the Five Buddha Families] ---
10. Vairochana Hevajra
11. Ratnasambhava Hevajra
12. Amitabha Hevajra
13. Amoghasiddhi Hevajra
--- [The Great Wrathful Ones] ---
14. Ushnisha Chakravartin (yellow)
15. Yamantaka (blue)
16. Humkara (blue)
17. Prajnantaka (white)
18. Padmantaka (red)
19. Vighnantaka (blue)
20. Achala (blue)
21. Takkiraja (blue)
22. Niladanda (Blue)
23. Mahabala (blue)
24. Shumbharaja (blue)

肃火斤

附件12.

Shri Hevajra Nine Deity Mandala (Tibetan: pal gye pa dor jei lha gui kyil khor) according to the Lamdre system of the mahasiddha Virupa. Bibliographic reference: Hevajra Tantraraja Nama. See an explanation of the Hevajra Mandala Elements.

Within the center of the two dimensional circular diagram (mandala) representing the top view of a three dimensional celestial palace and surroundings is the deity Shri Hevajra and consort with eight attendant goddesses.

Along the top register starting at the left are the lineage of teachers beginning with Vajradhara, Nairatmya, Virupa, Kanha, Damarupa, Avadhutipa, Gayadhara, Drogmi Lotsawa, Seton Kunrig, Shangton Chobar, Sachen Kunga Nyingpo, Sonam Tsemo, Dragpa Gyaltsen, Sakya Pandita, Chogyal Pagpa, etc.

At the bottom left is a donor figure with attendants. At the bottom right are the principal protectors of the Sakya Tradition, Panjara Mahakala, Brahmarupa Mahakala and Shri Devi.

Back of Painting:
Mantra (Skt.): a series of sounds believed to embody the nature of a deity. The three doors of action are the body, voice and mind. It is through the actions of these three that good actions and bad actions are believed to be produced. Mantra recitation forms part of the daily practice of Tantric Buddhists. The most well know mantra is that of the deity Avalokiteshvara and his mantra om mani padme hum, an epithet of the deity meaning jewelled lotus. Written mantra are commonly found on the reverse of a painting placed there as a record of the painting having had a brief or lengthy sanctification blessing or ritual (Tib.: rabne). This painting of Hevajra has elaborated circles of mantra written on the back.

Tibet

1600 - 1699

Sakya and Buddhist Lineages

Ground Mineral Pigment on Cotton

Collection of Rubin Museum of Art

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