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佛教艺术之《曼荼罗的美感》(转帖)

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发表于 2005-7-20 17:06 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<P><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;"></SPAN></FONT>&nbsp;</P><P><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">曼荼罗(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">mandala</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">)是神秘的艺术,创作曼荼罗可以呈显当下个人心灵象征地图,更反映了人们对宇宙的理解认知,它轮圆的型式存在于各种文化,其特殊美感历久而弥新。一九九八年台湾的藏传佛教艺术大展热潮,其中唐卡的图案瑰丽,吸引众人目光,除了浓重的宗教味外,它的艺术性也开始被讨论,韩书力在《西藏艺术集粹》提到西藏艺术绘画具有三个特点:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">散点透视</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">(2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">布局严仅</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>(3)</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">色彩鲜艳,而其中曼荼罗的色彩丰富,线条缜密,特殊造型排列组合,十足神秘感,吸引了我的关注。日本高野山大学教授─松长有庆曾说,现代人被曼荼罗的深度哲学的象征表现、神秘的观想魅力所吸引,一点也不足为奇。</SPAN></FONT></P><P><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;"></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT>&nbsp;</P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/200572017538.jpg">
 楼主| 发表于 2005-7-20 17:11 | 显示全部楼层
<P><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">曼荼罗(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">mandala</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">),在梵文里,代表「坛</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">」、「道场」「结界</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;">」、「轮圆具足」等义。透过方型、圆型、十字型组合,包含着相对的许多象征符号围绕着中间的核心聚集在一起,他们的结构和安排,代表着一种「圣域空间」,是心灵的神圣圆满的证量显现。曼荼罗图对于宗教而言是人类「现实世界」与「圣方诸佛」融合为一体的场所,也是天体大宇宙与人类体内微宇宙相互汇集的艺术极品,演变至今,曼荼罗是将诸佛悟道的智慧藉由美丽的图画呈现在我们眼前,它可作为修道者日常生活实践修行所用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/200572017117.jpg">
 楼主| 发表于 2005-7-20 17:13 | 显示全部楼层
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">坛城的意义和作用,在《大日经疏》卷四中载道:自轮圆具足之义而言,诸尊如轮般环绕于普门之大日如来周围,协助大日如来,使众生趣入普门;自发生之义而言,能养育诸佛种,而生佛树王</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">佛果</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">,又由梵语“曼荼罗”乃精制牛乳为醍醐之意,故曼荼罗表佛果有极无比味,无过上味之意。具有见即能解脱的作用。</SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;"></SPAN></FONT>&nbsp;</P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;"></SPAN></FONT>&nbsp;</P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/200572017130.jpg">
 楼主| 发表于 2005-7-20 17:17 | 显示全部楼层
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">曼荼罗最基源的意义当然是圆,圆是普见于全世界各民族,各地区的重要象征。它的显象当然是自然的,而且,它通常取材于自然。象征的几个主要项目</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US>1)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">圆球或卵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> (2)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">圆形之花或轮子等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> (3)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">中心为太阳、星辰或十字架形,且射放出四条</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">八条或是十二线</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> (4)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">回转成</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">卍字形</SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US>(5)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">卷曲的蛇形涡卷形</SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US>6)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">四角结合之圆</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> (7)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">眼睛形</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> (8) </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">四角与圆结合之圣城</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> (9)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">三角或五角之变形。</SPAN></FONT></P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/200572017173.jpg">
 楼主| 发表于 2005-7-20 17:19 | 显示全部楼层
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;"><FONT size=3>「方形」属于地大,如土地那样的稳固。「圆形」是水大,如水一般可朔性,和圆满的成就。「三角」是火大,如火一般的燃烧污浊。「半月」是风大,如风一般的快速摧毁浊恶。「团形」是空大,指意识的无形状可言,多用不规则图形来表现。〈重探西藏宗教艺术之色彩原形〉则分析了曼荼罗用色的原则是与五方位结合的思维,五形是东方绿色、南方红色、西方金色、北方黑色、中央白色,分别是东方木、南方火、西方金、北方水、中央土。坛城图是一种以几何图形为主的构图,坛城是指佛的宫殿,由外到内以圆形和方形的几何体形式层层相套构成,正中间为主尊或佛,外面图形以水图案及火焰图案装饰,第二层起用圆形的金刚图案、水图案、莲花图案装饰,表示大海、风墙、火墙和金刚墙、莲花墙、护城河。</FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/2005720171937.jpg">
 楼主| 发表于 2005-7-20 17:20 | 显示全部楼层
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;"><FONT size=3>佛教艺术的美学基础,在于显示佛教对于事物实相的知见,主要是描绘诸佛以及他们所处的环境,它具有一种强度影响力,洞察力与美感。对于心识清净的人,诸佛的形象早已显现;而对于其它人,则有助于获得同样的形象,因而有究竟觉悟的可能性。佛教认为,万有皆幻化,一切语言、文字、图画均为一种符号表示,佛法称为「戏论」。然而在高层次抽象当中,符号不再是一种标帜,而是代表物体内在本质。藏传佛教中,许多修行的导师本身就是不同领域的艺术家,他们视艺术为提升修行境界的方法,可以令人更易于进入禅定的深层境界。</FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/2005720172048.jpg">
 楼主| 发表于 2005-7-20 17:22 | 显示全部楼层
<P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">《荣格心理学与西藏佛教</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">》中提到曼荼罗表现了外部形象化世界也表现内在精神世界,心灵失衡下精神重心整合归于统一,具有根本的一致模式,在人类精神中「集体无意识」具有超越一切和意识差别的共同基础。《曼荼罗的创造天地》中说到曼荼罗是深度观照的空间,轮圆表达出本质我,反映当下个人象征,曼荼罗具有寻找内在、平衡能量、增进个人成长及治疗创伤等作用。</SPAN></P><P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/200572017227.jpg">
 楼主| 发表于 2005-7-20 17:24 | 显示全部楼层
<P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">密宗把对宇宙的总体观念,化为一系列的具有喻意人格化体系,将符号化、形象化、意念化统一起来,以一种特殊的样式呈现宇宙。曼荼罗即道场、法界、万象</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">,圣凡一如,曼荼罗就在自身宇宙之中。(完)</SPAN> </P><P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/2005720172318.jpg"></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2005-7-20 17:25 | 显示全部楼层
<P>本文仅供交流参考。</P><P>&nbsp;</P>
发表于 2005-7-20 17:32 | 显示全部楼层
<P>我咋瞅着就是个对称图案呢?&nbsp; 曼陀罗怕不是这样子的吧.</P><P>嗯,总是感觉似是而非.</P>
发表于 2005-7-25 20:00 | 显示全部楼层
就是对称图案嘛!还说是……
发表于 2005-7-25 23:29 | 显示全部楼层
上傳一張曼荼羅供參考 <IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/2005725232919.jpg">
发表于 2005-7-30 17:32 | 显示全部楼层
<P>再上傳一張台灣噶瑪噶居寺鎮寺珍藏之曼荼羅供參考,不可做商業行為.</P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/2005730173247.jpg">
发表于 2005-7-31 23:30 | 显示全部楼层
<P>發現點擊本貼的師兄頗多,末學因甚喜唐卡與曼荼羅,因此蒐集不少圖片資料,爾後將利用空檔上傳供有興趣的師兄一起研學,有一不情之請,所有上傳圖片,均不可作為商業用途.</P><P>台灣藏傳佛寺裡典藏甚多曼荼羅精品,將不定時上傳供師兄參考.</P><P>本圖為噶瑪噶居寺典藏</P><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-7/2005731232957.jpg">
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