请教：时间是怎么产生的？

Sydney

The view of having Time and Space as two things ( ie Newton Physic) was replaced by General Relativity about 100 years ago. G E states that there is Time-Space, not 'time' and 'space'. Time and space interact with each other! Scientists also did an experiment that a large object like the SUN could deform the 'space' around it, so when light ( which defines TIME) passes through it, light bends. Light bends because of the curve of space, NOT due to the gravity of the Sun.


....and are you aware that the 'light' which exists on front of you right now is no different to the one emitted at the Big Bang!


But then Quantum physic has another view...

Sydney

时间是怎么产生的？

Sorry, I did hit the buttons 3 times..... Anyway, I have not written the direct answer yet.

From a Science point of view, TIME began right after the Big Bang. Prior to the Big Bang, Science has no answer!  Within the 1st 0.000000000000xxxxx1 second after the bang,  heat was released and then after a 'while' , the whole universe cooled down to certain temperature and matters started forming-----[Because of some unknown reasons, not all matters ( ie quamtum matters here like leptons) were cancelled  out by anti-matters] and during this time ( and even now) the whole universe inflated in size and that is the SPACE we know.

As stated earlier, light defines TIME. Where did light come from?? The 1st moment started when the 1st photon was formed and released. Perhaps, the word--'form' is not the proper word as it seems that photon was always there and it cannot be created nor destoryed but it can interact with electrons but that is another area called EMD and you can read many Dr Feynman essays on the topic).
The above is the easy bit as you can read many books on the Big Bang theory.

The hard bit is : if you measure Time using light, what do you use to measure light? The Special Relativity states that you cannot race/ run against light with another light beam. Within that framewrok,  there is no past / present/  future. All you can merely say is that *******'I have observed that this particular photon have moved  3e8 meters displacement and I have felt that 1 second has just passed.' ******* .  Here we have just made a few mistakes:--  as stated before , we cannot separate  time and space and they are to be known as 'time-space' so it is invalid to say a photon has just passed 3 x 10e8 meters and call that 1 second. We say there is one second because we are saying that as if space and time are separate. Think about this please.

Oh talk about Feynman and EMD.....here comes the scary part. Feynman had claimed that ( with proof!!) that the path of any photon are the sum of all its possibilities. Let me explain:

You stand 5 meter in front of me and when I look at you, common sense says the photon emits from your face only travels 5 meters and reaches my eyes. Remember 5 meteres !. What EMD and Quantum Physic  has claimed is that the photon path has already done countless paths such as it has routed through England and come back, it has routed through the moon and come back and it has also routed through the end of universe and come back etc etc. However, the end result is always the sum of all these paths and as it turns out, it is always the most direct path which stands out after all the mathematical cancellations!!.-----------------------------------But where did the photon finds its time to travel to the edge of universe and comes back???? There is no direct answer but he once said in the lecture that a positive electron ( an antimatter of electron or positron +ve) is identical to an electron -ve going back in TIME. That lecture had scared a lot of westerners as westerners always believe time goes only in one direction. By the way, these lectures were first given in Auckland ,New Zealand instead of Caltech because it would scared dead many Americans!!

There are too much details to go through here and this is not a Science forum.

梦云子

动物没有人类的时间观(图)
2008年04月15日07:42 [我来说两句] [字号：大 中 小]
来源：外滩画报
　　4月初，加拿大西安大略大学心理学系教授威廉姆·罗伯茨给他多年从事的研究工作做出进一步的结论。关于动物对时间的认知，罗伯茨教授认为，这是一种“胶着于现在”的感知状态，类似于条件反射式的行为记忆，而不是和人类一样，对时间流逝有一种主观的感觉或标记。“动物和人在"情景记忆（episodicmemory）"上存在差异，动物会记得事件发生过程中所有信息，但这些信息不是事实记忆的全部要素；人能感受到事件发生过程中的"自我"，并在"自我"中延伸对事件经过的理解，这才是一种具有时间性的感知，而动物没有这种感知。
”

　　实验室老鼠的时间观训练

　　为了研究动物如何感知时间，威廉姆·罗伯茨教授和同事用实验室老鼠作了一组实验。他们设计了一个迷宫，这个迷宫以鼠笼为中心向四周伸出臂状的路径，就像一个放平的摩天轮。罗伯茨教授分别在不同的臂状路径上放置食物，一般可口的食物小球和老鼠非常喜爱的芝士。然后，实验按照三个提示性的目的开始设置：时间、时间过去多久和兼其二者。

　　老鼠被分为三组。第一组老鼠总是会在特定的时间点上遇见食物小球或芝士；第二组，老鼠总是消耗了相同的时间后才遇见食物小球或芝士；第三组，时间点和时段都被设定，老鼠总是经过相同的时间，在某个特定的时候发现他们的食物。

　　最终老鼠被自由地放出去寻找食物。第二组和第三组老鼠同样迅速地找到芝士，而第一组老鼠则表现得好像第一次进入这个迷宫中探索这些食物。

　　“这个实验表明，它们记得某一件事占用了多久的时间，但并不清楚在过去的某个具体的时间点，事件如何发生；它们依靠不同的行动过程来理解和记忆这段时间，行动发生得越近，印象越深刻，随着时间的流逝，这个印象变得淡化。根据强弱不同的印象，老鼠对自己的行为作出判断，或者预期。”威廉姆·罗伯茨教授介绍说：“也就是说，老鼠能够形成记忆，但是它不能够在具体的时间中理解这个记忆。”

　　在进行这个实验前，威廉姆·罗伯茨教授和他的同事们长期研究过西方丛鸦、蜂鸟、猕猴甚至猩猩的行为，他们最终得出结论是动物不像人类那样有着时间性的记忆。这项结果发表在《科学》上。

　　动物只能“胶着于现在”

　　在时间中理解记忆，这就是威廉姆教授所说的“情景记忆”。情景记忆是一种和“自我”感觉相联系的记忆，它总是指向过去，以一种场景模式保存对事件的认知，是短暂记忆最典型的表现形式。人类的一次情景记忆和很多偶发因素相联系：特殊的时间点、与事件相关的信息、具体的空间位置和自我体验—所有的这一切形成印象，留存于大脑之中。当时间流逝，人们在其他时间里突然回想起这段记忆，仍然能体验到事实的全部，“这就像一场"主观时间之旅"。”情景记忆使人不仅记得事件本身，而且记住感觉。

　　但是威廉姆教授和他的同事们认为，动物们缺乏这种具有自我意识、有时间感的记忆。在老鼠的迷宫实验里，当老鼠第一次遇见芝士，它对这件事的认知其实和自我意识相割裂的，老鼠记得的只是由动作叠加出来的一段过程，这个过程可能对结果有效，可能无效，老鼠通过不断尝试形成反射。动物对“时间过去多久”的感知像一段凝固的刻度线，它甚至可能会内化成动物的生物钟，但这并不是一项自觉的意识。

　　“这就好像我确实知道某个确切的年份，我的母亲生下了我—我知道这件事情，但我没有认知体验，因此这件事对我没有时间性，我总是立足于现在陈述这件事，但对于我的母亲而言，每一次回忆都是一次把自我重置过去的"主观时间之旅"。”威廉姆教授解释道。

　　相较于动物的事件记忆，人类的这种“情景记忆”是更为复杂和高级。只有这种情景记忆能够在大脑中构建起折叠的记忆网络，当相同的刺激再次来临时，记忆网络中相关的部分能迅速反应，“就像被点燃”，威廉姆教授说，这不再是一种反射，而是一种思考，能够积累，而不是像动物那样随着时间的流逝，就会忘记那些动作和偶然遇到的事件。

　　他们进一步推断认为，人类是在160万年前进化出对具体时间点的感知和理解的。当原始人开始制造工具，并且带着工具开始从一个地方迁徙到另一个地方，开始主动改造自己的所处的环境，而不是通过条件反射来适应环境时，威廉姆教授说，“具有时间性的情景记忆开始进化，并被慢慢加强。”

　　2008-04-17 总第 280 期

百无一用是书生

动物们缺乏这种具有自我意识、有时间感的记忆。总是“胶着于现在”

哈哈，那岂不是说，动物们的［我执］意识比较淡漠，所以能时时生活在当下么？有趣！