《佛教宗派源流与思想》选集-印度部派佛教的分立与传承

笨者之帚

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">《佛教</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">宗派源流与思想</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">》</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">选集</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">印度部派佛教的分立与传承</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">林崇安</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">提要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">本文探讨印度部派佛教发展过程中，二律系、四圣部及十八部的形成，并配合各部的师资传承来研究。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">佛灭当年的王舍城结集，由阿难先结集经藏，而后优波离结集出<SPAN style="COLOR: red">原始的</SPAN>律藏。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">佛灭百年的毗舍离结集，由于是因戒律而引起，因此先结集律藏，而后结集经藏，此次结集后，形成会内的上座律系与会外的<SPAN style="COLOR: red">原始</SPAN>大众律系。此中，上座律系并将戒条次第调动而与<SPAN style="COLOR: red">原始</SPAN>大众律系有所不同。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">佛灭一三七年起，佛教内部对「五事」、「实有」、「补特伽罗我」等问题的看法，起了法诤，经过六十三年，形成了四圣部（圣上座部、圣说有部、圣犊子部及圣大众部），佛灭二百年时，犊子上座首先结集论藏，集出《舍利弗阿毘昙》置于经藏与律藏之后，其后各部亦参照此论而有论藏的集出。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">佛灭二三五年的华氏城结集，先结集律藏而后结集经藏与论藏，此次为圣上座部的内部结集。在阿育王时期，印度内外共分裂成十八个主要的部派，此中有七个是阿育王派遣四圣部的高僧至边地弘法后所形成。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">至于二律系与四圣部的关系：在法诤前期，会外<SPAN style="COLOR: red">原始</SPAN>大众律系的广大僧众，分裂成圣大众部、圣犊子部与圣说有部。法诤后期，大天与末阐提之诤，最为剧烈，赞成前者为年少大众，赞成后者为少数的年长上座，因而后人又称前者为「大众部」，后者为「上座部」，结果将此二部与二律系混淆，产生部派分类上的困扰。其实大天（属圣大众部）与末阐提（属圣说有部），同属会外<SPAN style="COLOR: red">原始</SPAN>大众律系。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">由比对戒条的次第，可看出圣大众部、圣说有部二者与圣上座部出入不小。而圣犊子部的律藏，即是圣大众部的律藏，也属会外<SPAN style="COLOR: red">原始</SPAN>大众律。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">在师资传承方面，部派佛教中，有大迦叶及阿难系、优波离系、阿那律系、舍利弗及罗怙罗系、迦旃延系等，此中，大迦叶及阿难系的商那和修、末阐提，北传将此二位传说成阿难的亲传弟子，结果与南传在佛灭年代推算上，差了百年左右，其实此二位是释尊第五代左右的弟子。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">至于四圣部与十八部的关系如下：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">A</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">圣上座部（共四部）─化地部（分别说部）、法藏部、雪山部、铜鍱部。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">B</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">圣说有部（共三部）─根本说一切有部、饮光部、说转部。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">圣大众部（共六部）─根本大众部（一说部）、说出世部、鸡胤部、多闻部、说假部、制多山部。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">D</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">圣犊子部（共五部）─犊子部、法上部、贤冑部、六城部、正量部。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>此中，化地部、法藏部、雪山部、铜鍱部、制多山部、正量部及罽宾犍陀罗的根本说一切有部等七部，皆是阿育王派高僧往边地弘法所形成。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">&nbsp;</P><P><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break; mso-column-break-before: always" clear=all></SPAN><IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/affix.gif"><A href="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/upfile/2005-1/200519185919.rar" target=_blank>相关附件</A></P>