近百年來西方中觀研究的詮釋趨向

笨者之帚

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: DFKai-SB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">近百年來西方中觀研究的詮釋趨向</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3>一、</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B><FONT size=3><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: MingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;">前言：</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">美國比較文學學者安卓&#8231;塔克（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Andrew P. Tuck</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">）在其</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1990</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年出版的</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Comparative Philosophy and the Philosophy of Scholarship: On the Western Interpretation of Nagarjuna</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">一書中，清楚地將十九世紀末至今、百年來西方學界對中觀研究的詮釋趨向做了幾個歷史分期與理論分析的探討。其主要的論述主軸，在於指陳出西方中觀研究的「轉向」或不同階段的理論援引，基本上是一種「格義」（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">isogesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">）的運作與應用，儘管在外貌上呈現出不同時期迥異的論述與切入點，但在實質上始終不離「格義」的初衷與詮釋範疇，「透過此研究，我強調格義無可避免地存在於所有文本的閱讀中：它不是理解的錯誤，而是理解的證明。」（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Tuck</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">）他認為造成西方學界對中觀格義迭替的主因，乃是來自「歐洲學者持續在印度文學傳統中尋求西方哲學問題的解答，他們運用歐陸的專門術語來翻譯與分析梵文的典籍，並且樂於將東方思想闡釋予西方的讀者，為此將西方與印度哲學家的思想相互比對，乃成為可行之道。」（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">透過塔克歷史性的「格義」分析，縱看百年來西方學界對中觀研究的詮釋發展，可以發現不同時期的中觀詮釋演繹，其實正是佛法「緣起」概念的另一個有利陳述與註腳；而不同分期的方法論衍異，也呈現出西方理論變遷的歷時樣貌，使西方百年來的中觀研究概況，擴展出共時與歷時的向度。相較於東方經院傳統的中觀學研究，此歷史分期的綜論與探討，除了提供我們不同論述與（歷史文獻學）方法論的參照外，亦可對佛教的現代性與現代化、洋格義</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">／宗義、空性與涅槃等重要議題，產生另一種啟發的思考趨徑。這是本文在整理西方中觀研究的詮釋論述演變中，所企圖觸及的重點之一。</SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-FAMILY: MingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;">此外，從中觀研究與日俱新的理論發展看來，也顯示出跨學科、跨文化研究方法的益形重要與涉入，而宗教、社會、語言、文學、哲學等不同學科的多元融合（或揉合）思考，亦可與「格義」的現象互為表裡。但如何在洶湧不斷的詮釋新潮中掌握中觀學「空性」的精義，不致迷失在琳瑯滿目的理論路徑中，似乎亦是當代中觀學研究更充滿弔詭的考驗與重要課題。希望藉由回顧百年來中觀研究發展的同時，也能對這些相關議題的連帶關係，有某種程度的釐清與探討。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Vladimir Script&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><A TARGET=_blank HREF=attachments/bbsxp/2007-7/2007729385.doc><img border=0 src=images/affix.gif>thesis89_08.doc</A>