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[转贴]二十一度母的起源与职能

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发表于 2006-1-22 17:20 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<TABLE height=884 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=546 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD vAlign=bottom align=middle width=546 height=40><H3 class=style9>二十一度母的起源与职能<BR><SPAN class=style4></SPAN></H3></TD></TR><TR><TD width=546 height=20>&lt;DIV class=style3 align=center>作者:德吉卓玛&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;文章来源:中国藏学网&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;点击数:585&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;更新时间:2005-4-12&lt;/DIV></TD></TR><!--文章标题显示代码结束--><!--文章内容显示代码开始--><TR><TD vAlign=bottom height=25>&lt;DIV align=left><IMG height=25 src="http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/Pics/t10.gif" width=545>&lt;/DIV></TD></TR><TR><TD background=/Pics/t11.gif height=557><TABLE height=534 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=501 align=center border=0><TBODY><TR><TD id=fontzoom vAlign=top width=501 height=534><P align=left><P><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face=宋体>  </FONT>二十一度母,藏语称“卓玛聂久”,是<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度脱</SPAN>和拯救苦难众生的一族女神,同时也是藏传佛教诸宗派<SPAN style="COLOR: black">祟奉</SPAN>的女性本<SPAN style="COLOR: black">尊群</SPAN>。因此,二十一位<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>在藏族地区被广大信徒或百姓普遍所敬拜,在藏族神灵信仰中有着极大的吸引力。<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT> <P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">最早源于印度<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">据藏文文献《女神源流》记载,在最初无始时期,在宇宙世界<SPAN style="COLOR: black">那措沃</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(古印度某地),即各种光地方,出现了一位叫桑杰阿扎的贤人,国王的女儿益希达娃虔信他的教法,供养他及其眷属,达一亿十万年后,便发起了菩提心。就在那时,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">众比丘</SPAN>对她说,“由于你的<SPAN style="COLOR: black">善业</SPAN>,使你的身体获得了<SPAN style="COLOR: black">受</SPAN>生之身。如果你能以<SPAN style="COLOR: black">做利法</SPAN>事业发愿,就能如愿以偿。”于是公主立誓:“为了<SPAN style="COLOR: black">获受</SPAN>生之身,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">愿发</SPAN>菩提心<SPAN style="COLOR: black">者</SPAN>虽然很多,然而,以女性之身做有情众生事业者却无有,直到轮回不空为止。”从此,公主在王宫修<SPAN style="COLOR: black">三摩地</SPAN>,经一亿十万年后,对无<SPAN style="COLOR: black">生法</SPAN>获得<SPAN style="COLOR: black">安忍</SPAN>,从而证得所有众生<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度</SPAN>脱的<SPAN style="COLOR: black">三摩地</SPAN>。由<SPAN style="COLOR: black">三摩</SPAN>地的威力,上午可使一亿十万有情众生从心中获得<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度脱</SPAN>,而且可在尚未处于<SPAN style="COLOR: black">安忍</SPAN>阶段,不受用任何物<SPAN style="COLOR: black">食</SPAN>,下午<SPAN style="COLOR: black">也复</SPAN>如是,从此被称作“卓玛”,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">即度母</SPAN>。这以后,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">她</SPAN>立誓要解除所有众生的苦难,救护芸芸众生,并在九十五<SPAN style="COLOR: black">劫内</SPAN>,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">每昼</SPAN>能使一亿一千万众生置于<SPAN style="COLOR: black">静虑中</SPAN>,每夜能<SPAN style="COLOR: black">调伏</SPAN>一亿十万妖魔。故又称“<SPAN style="COLOR: black">顿玛</SPAN>聂玛<SPAN style="COLOR: black">巴姆</SPAN>”,意即迅速救难女英雄。后来,为一名称格巴托巴麦巴,即无碍劫的贤人授受十方所有佛大悲光芒比<SPAN style="COLOR: black">丘</SPAN>无垢光明<SPAN style="COLOR: black">之</SPAN>灌顶,使他化现为<SPAN style="COLOR: black">圣</SPAN>观世音,后为他再授受所有<SPAN style="COLOR: black">佛见知</SPAN>智慧本性大光明灌顶,而她前后两次授予的光明化为父母佛和<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度</SPAN>母女神,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">从</SPAN>观世音的心<SPAN style="COLOR: black">际</SPAN>生出。由此缘故,她不仅能满足所有佛的意愿,而且能从16种恐惧中拯救所有有情众生。所以,随其神力化现为二十一位<SPAN style="COLOR: black">救度母</SPAN>和妙音女神等诸多女神。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">藏传佛教的主要神祗<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">度母女神诞生后,公元七世纪,即吐蕃第<SPAN lang=EN-US>33<SPAN style="COLOR: black">代赞普</SPAN>松赞干布时期,才开始传入藏区。据藏文古籍《西藏史籍五部》记载:“(观世音)化身大国王(松赞干布),迎娶尼泊尔公主<SPAN style="COLOR: black">赤尊</SPAN>和<SPAN style="COLOR: black">汉地</SPAN>公主(文成公主),<SPAN style="COLOR: black">汉女</SPAN>迎请了镀金释迦牟尼佛,尼泊尔<SPAN style="COLOR: black">女</SPAN>迎请了<SPAN style="COLOR: black">薄迦梵</SPAN>不动金刚、<SPAN style="COLOR: black">慈氏法轮</SPAN>、檀香<SPAN style="COLOR: black">觉姆度母</SPAN>等许多特别的<SPAN style="COLOR: black">依止物</SPAN>,以做她的陪嫁。”由此可知,度母女神最早由尼泊尔公主<SPAN style="COLOR: black">赤尊</SPAN>传入吐蕃<SPAN style="COLOR: black">藏地</SPAN>。之后,很快被具有信仰<SPAN style="COLOR: black">或敬拜</SPAN>女性文化的藏族人民所接纳,尼泊尔公主也因此被视为度母女神的化身,为人们<SPAN style="COLOR: black">敬尊</SPAN>。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">据《西藏王<SPAN style="COLOR: black">统记</SPAN>》等藏文史籍记载,松赞干布为了<SPAN style="COLOR: black">镇伏呈</SPAN>罗刹女仰卧之相的雪域<SPAN style="COLOR: black">藏地</SPAN>,修建了<SPAN lang=EN-US>106座庙宇,其中在西北部建造了智慧<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>神殿,东北部建造了莲花<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>神殿,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">康区</SPAN>建了<SPAN style="COLOR: black">隆塘度母经堂等</SPAN>,专门<SPAN style="COLOR: black">供祭度母</SPAN>。从这时起,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母和</SPAN>藏民族结下了不解之缘,千百年来一直深深地影响着藏族人的日常生产和生活。<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">化身山丘和河流<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">度母</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">在藏地,不仅是藏传佛教的重要神灵,而且也成为藏族土著宗教——苯教的神灵之一,不过<SPAN style="COLOR: black">其谓称</SPAN>有所不同。由于受藏族传统文化的影响,还伴生出许许多多的神话传说。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">位于墨脱县境内的藏传佛教圣地班玛岗,被认为是<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度</SPAN>母的化身,其头部为海拔<SPAN lang=EN-US>7782米的南迦巴瓦峰,颈部为多<SPAN style="COLOR: black">杰央</SPAN>宗山,心脏是<SPAN style="COLOR: black">墨脱肯肯寺</SPAN>地方,右手为林芝县布久地方,左手为波<SPAN style="COLOR: black">密许木</SPAN>地方,左脚伸到察隅县,右脚伸到印度控制区的<SPAN style="COLOR: black">仰</SPAN>桑河……由于<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度</SPAN>母的身躯处处是宝地,有吃不完的不种<SPAN style="COLOR: black">而获</SPAN>的粮食,喝不尽的不<SPAN style="COLOR: black">牧而</SPAN>取的乳<SPAN style="COLOR: black">奶</SPAN>,满山遍野的糌粑树,人甚至可以睡在花朵中尽情享乐。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">班玛岗的传说神乎其神,它所描绘的<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>是一位创世始祖,一位万能的女神,深为藏族人民敬仰。除此之外,在藏地还有许多由她化身的圣地,笔者曾走访拉萨附近的几座尼姑庙,如<SPAN style="COLOR: black">嘎</SPAN>如、<SPAN style="COLOR: black">乃果敦</SPAN>等,寺院周围的山多被<SPAN style="COLOR: black">崇</SPAN>为其<SPAN style="COLOR: black">化现</SPAN>;昌都地区洛隆县,还有被称为“二十一度母”的小湖群,流传着许多神话传说。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">救苦救难的所<SPAN style="COLOR: black">依处</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">藏族百姓的心目中,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>还是一组最亲近<SPAN style="COLOR: black">信众</SPAN>的女菩萨,能帮助世人实现种种愿望。因此,凡事都愿求助于她,以得到救助和庇护。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1989年,布达拉宫维修开工前,拉萨哲蚌寺、色拉寺的40余位高僧和布达拉宫的常住僧人,汇集朗杰扎仓大经堂内,历时7日,专门念诵大藏经《甘珠尔》108部和《<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母经</SPAN>》10万遍,以为开工前的礼佛供养<SPAN style="COLOR: black">与禳灾祈福</SPAN>。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">在笔者的家乡,每逢秋冬农闲时,许多村庄都要举行集体诵念《<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母经</SPAN>》的宗教活动,以求<SPAN style="COLOR: black">寨兴民安</SPAN>。<SPAN style="COLOR: black">信众</SPAN>每日吟诵的经文或颂词<SPAN style="COLOR: black">歌呗</SPAN>,主要是《<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母经</SPAN>》和与其相关的<SPAN style="COLOR: black">祈文</SPAN>咒语等,特别是女性信徒<SPAN style="COLOR: black">尢甚</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">二十一度母的职能<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">度母</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">共有<SPAN lang=EN-US>21个法相,即二十一度母,她们各有自己的职司和密<SPAN style="COLOR: black">法心咒</SPAN>。她们的<SPAN style="COLOR: black">谓称</SPAN>也是依据各自的特征,分别为:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">聂</SPAN>瓦巴姆:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">即奋迅度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">绰瓦嘎玛</SPAN>:威猛白度母;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">色朵坚玛</SPAN>:金色<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">祖多南迦玛</SPAN>:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">顶髻尊胜度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">珠玛</SPAN>:<SPAN style="COLOR: black"><FONT face=宋体>吽</FONT>音</SPAN>叱咤<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>久丹松<SPAN style="COLOR: black">嘉玛</SPAN>:胜三<SPAN style="COLOR: black">界度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">贤绛玛</SPAN>:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">镇彼敌度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>都<SPAN style="COLOR: black">达绛玛</SPAN>:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">镇魔度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">贡确松巧玛</SPAN>:供奉三宝<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">都旺底玛</SPAN>:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">摄魔度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>彭巴贡赛玛:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">解贫度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>美<SPAN style="COLOR: black">黛</SPAN>巴玛:烈焰<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">绰</SPAN>聂坚<SPAN style="COLOR: black">玛</SPAN>:忿怒<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>,又称<SPAN style="COLOR: black">颦眉度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">哲</SPAN>金玛:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">救饥度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>希瓦钦<SPAN style="COLOR: black">姆</SPAN>:大寂静<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">仁乃</SPAN>贡赛玛:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">消疫度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>欧珠<SPAN style="COLOR: black">贡作玛</SPAN>:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">赐</SPAN>成就<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black">都赛玛</SPAN>:除毒<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>杜<SPAN style="COLOR: black">俄</SPAN>贡赛玛:除<SPAN style="COLOR: black">厄度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>柔<SPAN style="COLOR: black">巴<FONT face=宋体>吽</FONT></SPAN>卓玛:明心<SPAN style="COLOR: black"><FONT face=宋体>吽</FONT>字度母</SPAN>;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>久丹松<SPAN style="COLOR: black">约玛</SPAN>:震撼三<SPAN style="COLOR: black">界度母</SPAN>。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">藏民族认为,二十一度<SPAN style="COLOR: black">母</SPAN>能<SPAN style="COLOR: black">救度</SPAN>狮子、大象、毒蛇、敌人、盗贼、镣铐、<SPAN style="COLOR: black">火水</SPAN>所致的<SPAN lang=EN-US>8种灾难和恐惧。也有认为能<SPAN style="COLOR: black">救度</SPAN>16种灾难的,如藏文经典《<SPAN style="COLOR: black">佛母</SPAN>至尊<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>佛法历史玉叶乐园》记载,二十一位<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母能救度怨敌</SPAN>、狮子、大象、火、毒蛇、盗贼、牢狱、海浪或水、食肉或非人,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">麻风病</SPAN>、死神、贫困、亲眷分离、国王惩罚、霹雳、事务衰萎所致的16种灾难恐怖,除此在顺境中还可增加<SPAN style="COLOR: black">顺缘</SPAN>、增长福寿,对众生有情利益甚大,被尊为世间生死轮回中拯救一切众生<SPAN style="COLOR: black">的度脱</SPAN>之母<SPAN style="COLOR: black">与诸佛</SPAN>所有事业的担负者<SPAN style="COLOR: black">或佛母</SPAN>。藏族女性多以“卓玛”命名,其原因或许就在于此吧!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">绿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母和</SPAN>白度<SPAN style="COLOR: black">母</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">除了奉为女神供养的二十一度<SPAN style="COLOR: black">母</SPAN>外,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">被</SPAN>藏传佛教各派尊为本尊,加以修<SPAN style="COLOR: black">持的</SPAN>,最常见的还有绿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母和</SPAN>白度<SPAN style="COLOR: black">母</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">绿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>,藏语称为“卓江”,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">即奋迅度母</SPAN>,是二十一度母之主<SPAN style="COLOR: black">尊</SPAN>。身为绿色,慈容,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">半跏趺</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(左腿单盘,右腿向下舒展)坐于莲花座上,头戴玉佛宝<SPAN style="COLOR: black">冠</SPAN>,上身<SPAN style="COLOR: black">飘幡为衣</SPAN>,下身<SPAN style="COLOR: black">重裙</SPAN>内长外短,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">颈挂珞珠</SPAN>两串,双手持花枝;戴耳环、<SPAN style="COLOR: black">手钏</SPAN>、<SPAN style="COLOR: black">肘钏</SPAN>、手镯等装饰,以示庄严。藏传佛教密宗认为,绿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>有着广大的慈悲心,加持力伟大而迅速,有大无畏的勇气和精神力。绿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母咒</SPAN>,也是二十一度母之根本<SPAN style="COLOR: black">咒</SPAN>,包括一切功德,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">故修持绿度</SPAN>母本尊法者甚多。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">白度母,藏语称“卓嘎”,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">即赐</SPAN>成就<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>,又称如意<SPAN style="COLOR: black">轮度母</SPAN>。身为白色,呈<SPAN lang=EN-US>16岁少女相,头戴古印度贵妇花鬘冠,双耳<SPAN style="COLOR: black">坠</SPAN>大环,上身斜<SPAN style="COLOR: black">披络腋</SPAN>,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">帔帛</SPAN>环绕,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">跏趺坐</SPAN>莲花座上;左手持一枝曲颈莲花,右手掌向外,以示接受求助。眉间、双手和双足掌内各生一只眼睛,加上脸上的双眼,全身共有七只眼睛,其他装饰与绿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母同</SPAN>。藏传佛教密宗认为,白度母非常聪明,什么事都瞒不过,她热心救助于人,使众生延年益寿,事事如意。故此,藏族女性中以此取名的也很多。</SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><TABLE height=534 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=501 align=center border=0><TBODY><TR><TD id=fontzoom vAlign=top width=501 height=534><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">绿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母和</SPAN>白度<SPAN style="COLOR: black">母</SPAN>是二十一度<SPAN style="COLOR: black">母</SPAN>中最具代表性的,实际上二十一度母的<SPAN style="COLOR: black">趺坐</SPAN>姿势与<SPAN style="COLOR: black">冠服</SPAN>装饰大多与绿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>相同,不同的是,其余<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>分别<SPAN style="COLOR: black">呈红</SPAN>、黄、蓝、黑、紫、棕、白色,其手印以及手持标志物亦不尽相同,且各自有其独立的咒语。<SPAN style="COLOR: black">如镇魔度母</SPAN>身为黑色,一面三目,极忿怒相,两手<SPAN style="COLOR: black">合持</SPAN>三头降魔杵。逢灾难时,转动<SPAN style="COLOR: black">此杵</SPAN>,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">诵其咒</SPAN>,可免灾<SPAN style="COLOR: black">转安</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">藏传佛教认为,修持二十一度母本尊法,功德无量,利益无边,尤其对女性有特效。因此,各宗派都极为推崇,<SPAN style="COLOR: black">各寺均</SPAN>供奉,如<SPAN style="COLOR: black">香塞</SPAN>尼姑寺等绘有<SPAN style="COLOR: black">千尊</SPAN>白度<SPAN style="COLOR: black">母</SPAN>壁画,还有<SPAN style="COLOR: black">聂塘度母</SPAN>神殿<SPAN style="COLOR: black">等</SPAN>专门供奉<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度</SPAN>母的神殿,许多寺庙每逢藏历初八或二十五,都要举行“<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母四</SPAN>曼陀罗”仪轨等,以行供养和修持。<SPAN lang=EN-US><O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">二十一度母作为拯救、<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度脱</SPAN>人类灾难及恐怖的女神群体,千百年来一直深深吸引和感召着广大藏族人民。究其原因,她们所具有的广大法力,给生活在气候恶劣、自然灾害频繁、时疫饥荒随时危及生存的青藏高原上的“孤弱无助”的藏族人以心理慰藉和战胜自然的力量;其次,作为从观世音菩萨<SPAN style="COLOR: black">心际</SPAN>生出的二十一位女神,依附于观世音在藏族地区及藏传佛教中的至高无比的地位而受到崇拜,并得到很大发展,特别是藏传佛教密宗,把<SPAN style="COLOR: black">度母</SPAN>作为一种体验的对象——本尊,广泛推崇。<SPAN lang=EN-US><O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">二十一度母,以其永恒的力量,在藏族社会生活中大放光彩<SPAN lang=EN-US>!<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=a0 style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘自《中国西藏》<SPAN lang=EN-US>1998年第6期</SPAN></SPAN></P></TD></TR><!--文章录入信息--><TR><TD align=right>文章录入:<A href="http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/UserInfo.asp?UserName=中国藏学网">中国藏学网</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;责任编辑:中国藏学网&nbsp; </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></SPAN></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
发表于 2006-1-23 08:43 | 显示全部楼层
顶礼21度母<IMG src="http://www.gelu.org/bbs/images/Emotions/4.gif">
发表于 2006-1-23 10:59 | 显示全部楼层
<P><FONT face=楷体_GB2312 size=3>藏文文献《女神源流》_____不知道是部什么书。</FONT></P><P><FONT face=楷体_GB2312 size=3>这位德吉卓玛&nbsp;,不知道和《藏传佛教出家女性研究》的作者德吉卓玛是不是同一个人。</FONT></P>
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