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我的一位老师-----何清海先生的文章系列(2)

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发表于 2005-3-13 09:34 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 按:北京雍和宫为著名的格鲁派</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">八大上院</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">之一。她以其重要的历史、政治、宗教、艺术地位饮誉中外。雍和宫的建筑艺术是雍和宫多种艺术元素中的一个重要组成部分,同时雍和宫的建筑又具备着自己的特点。首先,她几乎包含了明清以来中国北方皇家园林式建筑的所有建筑组成形式。其次,雍和宫的整体建筑模式融入了满、汉、藏、蒙等多民族的建筑风格,从一个侧面体现出了我国自古以来就是一个多民族统一国家的历史事实。(张巍)<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>注:题目为转载时我个人加注上去的。<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 189pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 18.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>雍和宫的建筑艺术(上)<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫的整体建筑群<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫,坐落于北京市东城区的东北面,北倚二环路,南靠北新桥大街,西临孔庙、国子监,东邻柏林寺;占地面积宏大,约计六万六千平方米(市制合九十九亩七分地)。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫寺院的全部建筑群,总体呈不规则状分布;其中心部建筑整体由南至北呈长方形,历史上可分为东、中、西三路格局。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>东路分为庭院建筑,名东书院。是由太和斋、如意室、五福堂、大块文章地、画舫、松柏室、醉月轩、海棠院、后佛楼等多所厅、廊、亭、室、轩、台、阁、舫等建筑组合而成,形式古朴淡雅,气氛安逸幽静。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>中路建筑为寺院的殿宇主体部,如同皇宫一般的雄伟壮观,并呈具满、汉、藏、蒙古多民族的艺术风格。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>西路建筑,则是雍和宫的护法庙宇</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">关帝庙。由于扩充崇雍大街已被拆除。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>此外,围绕三路主体建筑,还分别设有多所呼·图克图佛仓(即驻京活佛公馆)、印务处、经史馆、北大门、800余间僧舍(又称</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">连房</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">)、马圈、马神庙,粥锅院等建筑(现这些建筑已成为民房),如众星捧月般地护卫在外围。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>北京古城东北部的这座古建筑群</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">雍和宫,与古城中心的皇家宫苑紫禁城、景山、北海、中南海、鼓楼、钟楼等宫苑,园林景物交相辉映。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫的建筑施工及陈设艺术<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫的建筑与陈设艺术,是清代各族人民的伟大创造,雍和宫的楼台殿阁,以及陈列于其中数以万计的珍贵艺术品,是我国劳动人民的辛勤血汗和聪明才智的结晶。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>据大量的汉、藏史料载述,雍和宫改建庙宇工程的规划和施工,是由当时的驻京喇嘛印务处掌印扎萨克达喇嘛三世章嘉·若毕多吉国师督办,清皇家内务府养心殿造办处承建施工。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>兴建庙宇工程施工实属</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">钦工</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,故而工程的各项要求极为严格,庙宇内部的造像、挂画、陈设细部纹饰都需要按比例放大图纸,经主管大臣奏明朝廷后方可施工。例如,各殿的外檐、窗棂、门窗的装修式样,楼、台、殿、阁内部的空间划分、利用,及佛龛、石座的位置、造样,桌、案的尺度,供器的安放和选材,挂画的装裱、尺幅,匾额、联对的镌书,碑幢的石质、文体、雕凿、矗立、铜狮、铜鼎、的造型、铸冶,每种图纸均先画草图,逐步修改。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫兴建工程的砖石用料及内部陈设的各类材质,也系各地精选而来。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>以赫赫有名的楠木用料而言,庙宇的施工选料,除所有的楼、阁、殿、堂、厅、轩、坊、亭、群房、堂门等建筑物的大部件中的梁柱、椽、斗拱、飞廊、转轮藏、藻井采用此料;花园行宫太和斋内的厅、室、轩、亭、舍、斋、舫内部的门、窗、屏、棂、隔扇、落地罩、宫灯、炕沿、挂灯、家具、陈设也选楠木下料制作。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>如质地细密坚固、不易风化的汉白玉和艾叶青石,来自房山的大石窝;各色金碧辉煌、鎏金溢彩的琉璃瓦件,来自北京琉璃河之皇家琉璃窑;每块长一尺五寸,宽七十五分,厚五寸的工程用尺七长方形条砖,来自临清的皇家砖窑;玉石料来自新疆天山南陆之密尔代山;冬珠出自关外黑龙江省之松花江上;南珠产自南海之合浦;氆氇来自西藏;毡子产自内蒙古;而庙内各殿所使用的各式呢、羽、缎、纱、绸、绫、绢、锦、缂,则产自江南的扬州、苏州、杭州。在改建庙宇的施工期间,对于雍和宫喇嘛们兴办佛事的设施、器具、服饰、经卷等宗教用品,也是如期造办的。比如,久负盛名,</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">都人观者甚众,有万家空巷之风</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">美喻的</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">大愿祈祷法会</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">上跳布扎(今又称</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">金刚驱魔神舞</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">)仪轨,所穿戴使用面具头套、刺绣舞服、法器幡幢的制办,即为其中一项;且所用面料也为丝织物之上品,系选青海西宁府所产明黄缎下料。而这种明黄缎系清宫廷的御用品,每尺面料</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">值银三钱九分七厘</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">之高。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>自乾隆八年(1743)雍和宫行宫改建庙宇工程施工的筹备策划开始,至乾隆十五年(1750)雍和宫万福阁工程的竣工,前后历时六年雍和宫改庙主体工程施工告以实成。在这漫长的岁月中,大批的工匠与夫役夜以继日地进行着艰苦的劳动;论及辛勤所得,一名技艺娴熟的专职工匠,每月的施工酬劳,只不过给</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">银一两、米八斗八升</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,而工程吃紧时,临时外雇之民匠、夫役、仅</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">日给制钱一百四十文</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫,是座以殿宇为主体的古建筑群。从乾隆十五年(1750)官府绘制的《乾隆京师全图》中,可以看到这座历史久远格鲁派寺院鼎盛时期的全貌。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫建筑群的整体局势为长方形。内有楼阁殿宇、房屋、僧舍、亭台轩榭千余间。从布局和形式上看,可分为殿宇、禅房佛仓、园林庭院三种类别。殿宇部,是礼佛弘法的道场,又是清代皇家岁时展礼、进香祭祀之处,可谓</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">金碧辉煌、规模宏丽</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">;园林部,绿树成荫,花团锦簇,如同皇家御苑一般,可谓</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">清都之境,不老之庭</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">;禅房佛仓部,为格鲁派领袖及大德高僧的修持精舍,厅、堂、舍、屋,供藏有各类古佛舍利、商鼎珍玩,庭中舍前植栽翠柏、修竹、佛域菩提、藏地灵霄。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>雍和宫中还陈设有大量的匾额、楹联与碑文石刻,是设计者将诗词、书法、镌刻、艺术成就融入建筑工程的杰作。其中大部分匾额,是对佛学般若哲理的宣扬和建筑、佛尊、绘画美的高度概括,起到了画龙点睛的作用。如雍和门殿内的弘历亲书</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">现妙明心</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">额,所对应的联语为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">法镜交光,大根成慧日;牟尼真净,十地起祥云</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">。这联语,音调铿锵,节奏优美,佛语叠出,禅意深远,对于殿宇的题额,内供的佛尊与陈设而言,起着烘云托月的作用。当然,有些匾额、联语、碑文,则是言志叙述怀的。如勒石立碑,采满、汉、藏、蒙古四种文体载述,乾隆御笔《喇嘛说》一文,全篇文章大小字体二千一百有余(大字为正文,小字为注解)均为楷体写就,给人以书法美的享受;同时,也反映了一代封建帝王</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">安藏辑藩,定国家清平之基于永久</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">的雄才大略。</SPAN>
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