六臂玛哈嘎拉及随从神

肃火斤

本主题图像资料来自 喜玛拉雅艺术 网站

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Tibet 1700 - 1799 Gelug Lineage Collection of Rubin Museum of Art

Shadbhuja Vajra Mahakala with a Retinue of Five Attendants (Tibetan: dor je nag po, gon po chag drug pa'i kor nga, English: the Great Vajra Black One with Six Hands) wrathful emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara.

"The Quick Acting Lord of Pristine Awareness, with a body blue-black in colour, one face and six hands; pale yellow hair flowing upward, three round red eyes, bared fangs and curled tongue, a crown of five dry skulls, having a necklace of fifty blood dripping wet [heads]. The first right hand holds a curved knife, second a skull mala, third a damaru. The first left holds a blood [filled] skullcup, second a trident and third a vajra lasso; adorned with the eight great nagas, an elephant skin as an upper garment and a tiger skin as a lower garment tied with a sash of green silk. The forehead is anointed with a drop of sindura and Akshobhya adorns the crown of the head. All the arms and legs are adorned with small bells. Standing in a manner with the two legs striding forth in the middle of a blazing fire of pristine awareness." (Tsarchen Losal Gyatso 1502-1566). Mahakala stands above the form of the elephant headed Vighnantaka Ganesh, a sun disc and lotus seat.

At the top center is the primordial buddha Vajradhara with one face and two hands holding a vajra and bell crossed at the heart, in a peaceful appearance, seated in vajra posture. At the bottom right is the Mistress of the Desire Realm [Tib.: du kham mo] Mahakali, with a body blue-black in colour, one face and two hands. The first right holds a stick, second a skullcup. With a crown of five dry human skulls, three round red eyes and bared fangs, she rides a mule. At the bottom center is yaksha Kshetrapala, riding a crazy black bear, with a body blue-black in colour, one face and two hands holding a curved knife in the right and a skullcup filled with blood offered to the mouth of the Lord in the left. At the bottom left is the Lord of Maras, Trakshe, black, with one face and two hands, the right holds aloft a red lance and banner and in the left a skullcup; wearing a cloak of silk and riding a black horse. At the top left is ishvara Jinamitra, with a body red-black in colour, one face and two hands. The right beats a skull damaru and the left in a wrathful gesture. At the top right is yama Takkiraja, with a body maroon-black in colour, one face and two hands. The right holds upraised a stick and the left held to the mouth consumes a heart. The last two both stand in a wrathful posture.

The Shadbhuja (six handed) form of Mahakala is a wrathful emanation of Avalokiteshvara and belongs to the Kriya classification of practice with its own short Tantra. Mahasiddha Shavaripa is attributed as the first human lineage holder. Popularized in Tibet by the yogi Khyungpo Naljor in the 11th century, the practice originally belonged to the Shangpa Kagyu School, however the practice was later adopted by the Gelugpa Tradition as their main protector. In modern times the Six-Handed Mahakala is found in all traditions to a greater or lesser extent. This particular example belongs to the Gelugpa system evident by the posture of the right bent leg of Mahakala. There are minor variations in the hand objects of the five attendant figures dependant on the various systems and practice traditions.

The method of painting s called 'black painting' (Tib.: nag thang); the background is black and the deities are drawn as an outline with more or less colour and detail added at the discretion of the artist. This style is generally reserved for the very wrathful figures and rarely used for peaceful deities.

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Tibet 1800 - 1899 Shangpa Kagyu Lineage Collection of Rubin Museum of Art

Wisdom Lord with Six Hands and a Retinue of Five (Tibetan: ye she gon po chag drug pa'i kor nga). Shadbhuja Vajra Mahakala with a Retinue of Five Attendant deities: the wrathful emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara.

Fearsome, black in colour, with yellow hair streaming upward he has one face with three round eyes. Having six hands, in the first pair is a curved knife and skullcup held to the heart, in the second a human skull garland and trident - holding upraised the legs of an elephant hide garment. Held in the lower pair is a damaru (drum) and lasso. Adorned with all the wrathful ornaments, a skull crown, bone earrings, bracelets, anklets and vestments, he wears a tiger skin lower garment. Standing on the prone form of the elephant headed god Ganesh, above a sun disc and red-blue lotus, he is surrounded by the fiery red licks of the flames of pristine awareness. Arranged in front is a skullcup filled with the wrathful offerings of the five senses.

At the top center is the peaceful bodhisattva Padmapani Avalokiteshvara with one face and two hands. The right hand is extended in the mudra (gesture) of generosity and the left placed on the ground behind - holding a lotus, seated in a relaxed manner. To the left is the Indian mahasiddha Shavaripa, the first guru of the 'Near Lineage' transmission of Shadbhuja Mahakala. He holds the right hand in the gesture of blessing and a skullcup in the left supported in the lap. To the right is the student and mahasiddha, Maitripa, with the right hand in the mudra of blessing and a golden vase held in the left.

At the middle right is wrathful Takkiraja holding a damaru upraised with the right hand and standing in a dancing posture. Below is Shri Devi Remati, 'Mistress of the Desire Realm' with one face and two hands, riding a black mule. Below that is Trakshe, 'Lord of Maras' with one face and two hands riding a black horse. At the lower left is Ksetrapala with one face and two hands, offering a skullcup to the Lord, and riding a crazy black bear. At the middle left is Jinamitra holding a skullcup and damaru (drum) standing in a dancing posture. These five attendant figures form the inner retinue of Shadbhuja Mahakala. At the lower left is the guardian of the Northern Direction, Vaishravana, with one face and two hands holding a victory banner and mongoose, riding a snow lion.

Near Lineage: Vajradhara, Jnana Dakini, Shri Shavari Ishvara, Lord Maitripa, mahasiddha Rahulagupta, Khedrup Kyungpo Naljor (11th century, founder of the Shangpa Kagyu School), etc.

The style of painting is 'nag thang' - black scroll, with the figures drawn in gold outline on a black background. The name of each figure is painted in fine gold lettering beneath the lotus seat.

Jeff Watt 1-99

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